Movie Analysis: The Twilight Essay

Outline I.Introduction A.Thesis Statement The movie Twilight Eclipse was the third part of the Twilight Saga. This movie was just a romance movie with a twist. The director and producer tried to bring the old and the new together by encompassing what we think we know about vampires and adding a new dimension to it. With the latest cinematography and the new technology they made every scene believable and kept the audience wanting more. It showed us a new vampire and werewolves. II.Body paragraph # 1- Topic Sentence #1 Throughout the movie the audience was kept enthralled by sequence of event and the ever changing relationships between the wolves’, vampires, and Bella. A.Supporting Evidence Each scene in the movie was full of action and suspense like the one with the confrontation between Edward and Jacob. How the director made it point to do a close up on Edward when he confronted Jacob about the kiss. The amount of restraint that showed on his face. B.Explanation For both actors to be convincing regarding their other side and believable about their human side took dedication and the right camera angle to pull it off. C.So What? This was accomplished with perfect shot and the correct angles and lighting.. III.Body paragraph # 2- Topic Sentence #2 Every movie we ever seen with vampire depicted them as heartless with only one goal and that is to feed. Yet this movie showed us a total different aspect. Was it believable or not. The directors point of view was evident in every shot. A.Supporting Evidence The scene with Bella (Kristen Stewart) and Rosalie (Nikki Reed) on the balcony and Rosalie tells Bella she is making a wrong choice. In this scene we are able to see the director giving vampires a new look. He is giving them feelings something we have not seen in other movies. B.Explanation The scene takes place on the balcony of Edwards home and the lighting is soft and there is very little sound other than the words that are being spoken. We can read the pain in Rosalie eyes as she speaks but what she has missed by being a vampire and how Bella is just giving this up as if it is nothing. C.So What? It is ironic if you think about the other movies we have seen and we look at this one because the Cullen is like no other Vampires we have ever heard of. All the discussion between them make us feel their pain the regret that they have but it also shows the love they have for each other and how protective they are for there family. IV.Body paragraph # 3- Topic Sentence #3 As the story progress we were able to see the direction in which the director wanted us to go. Even though this was a love story it showed the innovation of the writers and director. Each scene had the exact demographic of the time period in which it was encompassing. Whether we were in the present or the past the scene was believable. A.Supporting Evidence When they went to the past and Rosalie was telling how she became a vampire you could almost smell the air just from the scene that unfolded. You could smell the liquor on her fiancà © breath you could feel the excitement come off the men around her and you could taste the fear she felt. B.Explanation As her fiancà © grabbed her and breathe on her and spoke unspeakable words the terror was coming off the screen. But even more than that the music and the lighting gave away the fear she was experiencing. C.So What? V.Body paragraph #4- Topic Sentence #4 A.The actors in this movie were not well known prior to the Twilight Saga however now they will be known as stars. This movie has elevated there status in the movie industry. Jacob (Taylor Lautner) has become a star player in the movie industry due to this movie. B.Explanation He later starred in Abduction. C.So What? VI.Conclusion As the movie came to a conclusion we all had a new respect for Vampires and Werewolves. The old look was of a blood thirsty individual that would not stop for nothing. The werewolves also was portrayed in earlier movies as unable to stop once they turned yet in this movie they feel, they love and they are a unit that have progressed into a family. This was the beginning of woman power. This time gave woman the power to know that they did not have to rely on a man to survive. Yes it nice to have one by your side but it is better to achieve on your own. Those men who felt threaten by the women should have felt strength by it because with a strong woman beside them they could accomplish so much more. References Bhabha, Homi, 1995, The Location of Culture’ New York: Routledge. Print Clugston, R. W. (2010). Journey into literature. San Diego, California: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/books Head, Dominic, ‘Cambridge Studies in African and Carribean Literature-Nadine Gordimer’ Cabbridge: Cambridge University Press.1994.Print Smith, Rowland, 1990,Critical Essays on Nadine Gordimer Boston: G. K. Hall& Co.Print Walker, A., (1973). In Love & Trouble: Stories of Black Women. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 81-87.

Disability and Rehabilitation: an Ethnography of the “Center for the Rehabilitation of the Paralyzed” in Bangladesh

WATER FOOD DIABETES AYURVEDA GENETICS POVERTY YOGA STDS HISTORY SEX SOCIETY FAMILY PLANNING CASTE GENDER RIOTS RELIGION HEALTH DEMOCRACY FLOODING WASTE-MANAGEMENT UNANI PSYCHOLOGY FOLK MEDICINE AFFIRMATIVE ACTION GLOBALISATION BIOCHEMISTRY OLD AGE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH MALARIA POLICY HIV AIDS WHO MEDICOSCAPES COLONIALISM PHARMACY RELIGION LEPROSY BOTOX DEHYDRATION NGOs AYUSH†¦ Disability and Rehabilitation: An Ethnography of the â€Å"Center for the Rehabilitation of the Paralyzed† in Bangladesh by Farjina Malek Health and Society in South Asia Series, no. edited by William Sax, Gabriele Alex and Constanze Weigl ISSN 2190-4294 Disability and Rehabilitation: An Ethnography of the ‘Center for the Rehabilitation of the Paralyzed’ in Bangladesh. Master Thesis in partial fulfillment for the award of a Master of Arts degree in Health and Society in South Asia at Heidelberg University 26th February, 2010 Submitted by Farjina Malek Supervisors: Dr. Gabriele Alex Prof. Dr. William S. Sax Name, first name – Malek, Farjina DECLARATION For submission to the Examination CommitteeRegarding my Master’s Thesis with the title: Disability and Rehabilitation: An Ethnography of the ‘Center for the Rehabilitation of the Paralyzed’ in Bangladesh. I declare that 1) it is the result of independent investigation 2) it has not been currently nor previously submitted for any other degree, 3) I haven’t used other sources as the ones mentioned in the bibliography. Where my work is indebted to the work of others, I have made acknowledgement. Heidelberg, 26. 02. 10 (Candidate’s signature) AcknowledgmentI would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all those who helped me to complete this thesis. I am deeply obliged to my supervisors Prof. Dr. William S. Sax and Dr. Gabriele Alex for their assistance and valuable suggestions. Also I would like to thank Constanze Weigl for helping me from the beginning to the end of my thesis. I want to thank all the members of CRP for their logistic supports during my fieldwork. My deepest thanks would go to the patients and staff of half way hostel at CRP; particularly to Aminul, Lokman and Rakib Vai.My deepest appreciation to all my friends and classmates of Masters of Arts in Health and Society in South Asia (MAHASSA); especially to Gen. She edited my thesis proposal. For editing the whole thesis, I would like to thank to my three friends name Mohi, Ratul and Munif. They did a wonderful job by reading and correcting my grammars. I would also like to thank everybody who was important for this thesis, as well as expressing my apology that I could not mention personally one by one. I am deeply indebted to my husband Labib for his continues support in my work.He is a great inspiration for my work. Table of Content a) Declaration b) Acknowledgement c) Table of contents ——————————————— ;————–i-ii d) Abstract ———————————————————————-iii-iv 1. Chapter One: Introduction 1. 0 Introduction ———————————————————————– 1 1. 1 Research Objectives ————————————————————– 1 1. 2 Preliminary Work on the Research Topic ————————————- 2 1. Literature review and the rationalization of the study ———————- 3-10 1. 4 Chapter plan of the study ——————————————R 12;——– 10-11 2. Chapter Two: Data Sources and Data Collection Methods 2. 0 Introduction ———————————————————————– 12 2. 1 My field ————————————————————————– 12-15 2. 2 Entering to the field ————————————————————— 15 2. 3 Data collection technique —————————————————— 16-20 2. The limitation and the advantage of my field ——————————- 20-21 2. 5 Sample size and time frame ——— ;——————————————— 22 2. 6 Ethical considerations ————————————————————- 22 2. 7 Conclusion ————————————————————————— 23 3. Chapter Three: Daily Life in CRP; Living with Disability 3. 0 Introduction ————————————————————————– 24 3. Expression of Pain ————————————————————— 24-26 3. 2 Everyday Recreation in CRP: Entertainment and fun ————&# 8212;——- 26- 29 3. 3 Gender and Disability ———————————————————– 30- 31 i 3. 4 Emotional Desire ————————————————————- 31-32 3. 5 Conclusion ———————————————————————— 32 4. Chapter Four: Disability in the Half Way Hostel 4. 0 Introduction: ———————————————————————– 33 4. The care giver at half way hostel ———————————————33-34 4. 2 Disability in discussion and the enco unters ———————————35- 36 4. 3 Expression of Pain and Language to indicate the disabilities ———— 36- 37 4. 4 Outing and Cultural Program: the formal entertainment of CRP——— 37- 38 4. 5 Occupational therapy and the occupation of the patients ——————– 38 4. 6 Conclusion ———————————————————————– 38- 39 5.Conclusion: Chapter Five: Conclusion 5. 0 Discussion ———————————————————————— 40-43 5. 1 Conclusion ——————————————————————&# 8212;— 43-44 Bibliography————————————————————————– 45-48 ii Abstract: In my research, I engaged in an ethnographic study at the Center for the Rehabilitation of the Paralyzed (CRP), Bangladesh, where the daily life of the disabled people and their experiences of their situation was my main focus.I evaluated their physical and mental situation by the language used by the patients, their relatives and the therapists and staff at CRP. Here language refers the representation of the physical condition (what is the synonyms and antonyms they use to indicate disabilities), and the way that patients, relative and doctors relate disability both formally and informally. My research question is ‘what is the cultural shape of disability at half way hostel of CRP’? CRP is a huge area to cover, I therefore have chosen one part of CRP and that is the ‘Half Way Hostel’.This is the patients’ pre-discharged hostel. As a data collection technique, I used participant observation. I got myself involved in their daily activities. I took part as well as observed their daily life. In addition, I took interviews and daily notes. The thesis is divided in five chapters; the first chapter’s aims were to introduce the argument, research question and then discuss different relevant literature. My argument is ‘each and every culture has its own way of understanding disability. One should not consider disability from the universal point of view’.From this argument, my research question is, ‘what is the cultural shape of disability at half way hostel of CRP, Bangladesh? ’ In the same chapter, I have also discussed how disability has been discussed in different time and literature. The second chapter is based on the description of the field and the data collection methods. I n this chapter, I described my field; mainly the physical infrastructure of CRP, I discussed the method I have used as well as the limitations and advantage of those methods and I discussed my field experiences.As a volunteer, I got an easy access to my field; which was a plus point. On the other hand, for the same reason, my informants always kept a distance with me. It was a challenge for me to overcome the distance. The third chapter has focused on different events in CRP. These events have taken place at half way hostel in different time where the fun, frustration, every day conflict, love and joy of disabled people and their relatives is pictured. This chapter also focused some patients’ case study, which is iii elpful to understand the events as well as the patients’ background. My forth chapter is the description of deferent points, where the holistic scenario of disability in half way hostel has been described. Apart of the patients, the other actors of half wa y hostel are more focused in this chapter. These other actors are the relatives of the patients, the discussants of the half way hostel, the therapists, the care giver of half way hostel and the other facilitator of the half way hostel. The concluding chapter of this study is based on the discussion of the study.The main findings of the study is the conflicts of CRP’s advocacy and patients’ own agency, the fun and frustration of the patients, the daily reaction of the relatives of the patients and also patients’ everyday language. By the whole study, I have shown a culture of half way hostel, where disability plays a very influential role. iv Chapter One: Introduction 1. 0 Introduction: The ‘Disability and Rehabilitation: WHO Action Plan 2006-2011’ notes that 10% of the total world population is physically disabled (WHO 2005: 1). Most of the literatures published by development organizations who work with the disabled quote similar values.There has recently been established an international convention regarding the human rights of people with disabilities. These two topics – the generalization of disability concept and the universal rights of disabled people, despite the differences in socio-economic conditions – motivated me to study the different cultural shape of disability and associated rehabilitation. My argument is that every disability has its own cultural shape. Moreover in a culture the disability may get different shape with the influences of age, gender, economic situation, and so on.To prove my argument in my research, I concentrated on, how disability gets its own shape in a small scale situation like half way hostel1 of CRP2. From this perspective, my research question is: ‘What is the cultural shape of disability at half way hostel of CRP? And how the different actors act to construct this cultural shape? ’ The subjects of my research, whom I refer to as actors, are comprised of CRP p atients, the relatives of patients, the doctors, nurses, and other staff who work at the CRP, and others who are either in direct or indirect contact with the CRP. . 1 Research Objectives: The cultural shape of disability at the CRP is the central focus of my research. In this context, I want to know how disability is encountered by different actors at the half way hostel of CRP. This research is focused on the understanding of how patients, therapists, workers, and relatives of patients at the CRP interact with the After getting treatment patients used to stay in half way hostel for two weeks. Here patients learn to take therapy independently; they learn how to cope with their community in a new physical condition. CRP is a national NGO of Bangladesh founded in 1979. This NGO is focused on spinal cord injured patients. CRP treats the patients as well as works for their rehabilitation in the community. 1 1 Chapter One: Introduction greater society and among themselves, as well as th e role that disability and rehabilitation plays in their daily lives. In order to address my central research question, I investigated several sub questions: †¢ What is the daily routine of a disable person and his care giver at the half way hostel of CRP? How do the patients relate their physical condition by their verbal language as well as their body languages both in formal discussion and in informal discussion or chatting. †¢ †¢ How do the relatives of the patients describe the patient’s situation? What are the differences among those disabled based on their gender, age and economic condition? 1. 2 Preliminary Work on the Research Topic: My first university3 is about 3 kilometers away from CRP. I personally first sought assistance from the CRP for back pain in 2003.As an outpatient, I had to go there several times. There were many things that interested me about the organization. First of all, they have many workers there who are physically disabled themse lves, especially the people who work at the cash counter. Later, I found a shop in the CRP compound where they sell many crafts made by the disabled in-patients. The goods of the shop really impressed me, and I wanted to know about their makers; I came to know that most of them live in the compound. As an out-patient, I knew only a small area of the much larger ground.I returned to CRP in 2006 for a severe problem with my leg (I fell down and suffered a torn ligament). I came regularly to the CRP for several days and I came to know some of the patients more closely in this time. I became interested in their lives, their perceptions of their bodily constitutions, and so on. My first university is Jahangirnagar University, which is in Savar, Dhaka. I did my bachelor and masters degree in ‘Geography and Environment’ in that university. That is why, I stayed there for 6 years from 2002 to 2008. 3 2Chapter One: Introduction In 2008, I came to Heidelberg for my MA in Medical Anthropology. As a part of our study, we visited various UN organizations in Geneva, Switzerland in April, 2009. Autonomously, I sought out Handicap International and spoke with a few members of that organization. I also went to the CBR (Community Based Rehabilitation) Project of the WHO. This study excursion increased my interest in the lay perspective of disability because I found the agendas and work policies of these two organizations to be very grounded in universality.These organizations function holistically on a single concept of disability for all different cultures and apply the same policies for disabled people all over the world. There is not even a differentiation in prescribed rehabilitation process for different cultures. I am very interested in how a universal idea can work in a local setting. To meet my interest, I sifted through different kinds of literature, to include books, articles and many reports of the organizations who work with disability issues. This lite rature review is a fundamental part of my preliminary work for my field research. 1. Literature review and the rationalization of the study: My research is focused on how the concepts of disability are encountered in different contexts, both of which need defining the terms. Defining ‘disability’ is problem because of its intricacy and multidimensionality. As a result, a global definition of disability that fits all contexts, though desirable, is nearly impossible in reality (Slater et al. 1974). Both scholars and different (national and international) organizations try to define disability with simple statements, theoretical models, classification schemes, and even through different forms of measurements.Altman observed that ‘‘there is no neutral language with which to discuss disability, and yet the tainted language itself and the categories used influence the definition of the problem† (Altman 2000:97). He also argues that defining disability has â €˜â€˜contributed to the confusion and misuse of disability terms and definitions, particularly when operationalized measures of disabilities are interpreted and used as definitions† (Altman 2000: 96). However, the concept 3 Chapter One: Introduction f disability covers its definitions, the role of the ‘experts’ (leaders in different organizations who are working with disabled people), the place of experience, and the nature of local politics at that time. Altman argues that ‘‘when trying to make sense of this variety of ideas and forms, it is necessary to take consideration the structure, orientation, and source of the definition† (Altman 2000: 96). Therefore, clarifying the variety of definitions, analyzing their sources and understanding their conceptual strengths and weaknesses in different contexts are the three objectives of y literature review. There are four basic historical categories of attributes toward disability: the individual model of disability, the environmental model of disability, the social model of disability, and the model of the interaction between the individual and social concepts of disability. In the individual model, disability was systematically identified as a characteristic of the individual person (Fougeyrollas and Beauregard 2000). Due to the functional difference of his body, it was the responsibility of that person to overcome any obstacle that he encountered.Any person with significant impairment was labeled handicapped or disabled, resulting in social exclusion and stigmatization. This conception of disability has progressively changed since the 1960s, when several people questioned this reductionist representation of disability; these voices led to the emergence of the disability rights movement (Fougeyrollas and Beauregard 2000). Despite much advancement, there is no consensus as to the determining factors of disability, notably with regard to the environment (the second model), even today.In fact, it would be more accurate to say that there is consensus on the importance of the environment but disagreement on the exact role that factor plays. On the one hand, there is a social model that attributes disability entirely to the environment, ignoring the factors related to the person. On the other hand, there is the biomedical model that mainly focuses on the person and resists consideration of environmental factors.This resistance is notably manifested within the scope of the ICIDH-1 (International Classification of Impairment, Disabilities, and Handicaps) published by the WHO (World Health Organization) 4 Chapter One: Introduction in 1980. The ICIDH-1 conceptual framework is based on the trilogy of body, person, and society (WHO, 1980). The ICIDH-1 model presents a cause-effect relationship between impairment, disability, and handicap. In this model, disease or disorder is shown as intrinsic and causing of impairment, which ultimately results in disability.F inally, both disability and impairment can be causes of handicaps. In the social model, impairment is considered to be an ‘exteriorized’ situation, disability is an ‘objectified’ situation, and handicap is a ‘social’ situation. Thus, an injury that leads to the impairment of an organ’s functions and structures, which then leads to a disability in the person’s behavior and activities, ultimately generates one or many handicaps or disadvantages concerning social or survival roles.Since the dissemination of the ICIDH and its experiment application within diverse fields of study, the problems identified, the critiques, and the adaptation to the conceptual model and classification manual have stimulated for the search for knowledge: â€Å"the most passionate debate is related to the critique of the linearity of the ICIDH model and the work that attempt to explicitly introduce the systematic approach and environmental dimension into th e conceptual model† (Fougeyrollas and Beauregard 2000: 176).The modifications brought forth by these emergent conceptual models aim to illustrate the person-environment relationship in the construction or prevention of ‘handicap’. Thus in 1992, Minaire proposed his concept of the ‘situational handicap’, defined as the result of the confrontation between the functional disability presented by an individual and the situation encountered in daily life (Minaire 1992). In that time, he published an improved version of the conceptual model, explicitly integrating diverse categories of environmental aspects analyzed in terms of situation.According to Minaire (1992), environmental aspects are both social and physical dimensions that determine a society’s organizations and context. In physical factors, he mentioned nature and the development of a society. Here, nature is defined as the physical geography, climate, time, sound, etc. , and development is manifested in the architecture, technology, and national and regional 5 Chapter One: Introduction advancement. Minaire (1992) also broke social factors into in two parts: one is the politico-economic factors and socio-cultural factors.Politico-economic factors are comprised of government systems, judicial systems, economic systems, health systems, etc. , and socio-cultural systems mean social rules, norms, and social networks. Minaire (1992) specified that one is handicapped not in the absolute but with the reference to something. In his opinion, the situational handicaps model completes the dimensions of the WHO model by integrating the person within his/her environment (Minaire 1992). Thus, a handicap is a characteristic not of the person but of the interaction between the person and his environment. In this way, Minaire refutes the linearity of the WHO classification.Following Minaire, several authors: notably Badley (1987), Chamie (1989), and Hamonet (1990) elaborated upon conce ptual models that integrated the concept of environment as a determining factor in the disablement process. The ICIDH-1 was published during a period that also a witnessed the International Year of Disabled Persons, (proclaimed in 1981 by the United Nations) and the Decade of Disabled Persons, which ended in 1992. This period was characterized be the preparation, adoption and application of policies and legislative measures aiming to promote and ensure the exercise of the rights of disabled people (UN 1983).Despite its innovative conception at the beginning of the 1970s, with the introduction of the social concepts of handicap to the biomedically oriented WHO, the ICIDH and its conceptual framework failed to become the international reference tool for persons with disabilities (Barry 1989). A worldwide disability movement, Disabled People’s International (DPI), rejected the ICIDH-1 definitions in 1981 and adopted definitions that are known as those of the ‘Social Model of Disability’ (Oliver 1996).According to this model, disability is exclusively caused by the presence of barriers within the environment and occurs because the environment does not succeed in adapting to the needs of people who have certain impairments. To improve the life situation of the people with disabilities, one must remove the environmental factors that create obstacles to their integration; the model pays little interest to their organic and functional 6 Chapter One: Introduction differences (Enns 1989; Hurst 1993). The DPI defines impairment and disability as follows: â€Å"Impairment is the functional limitation with the ndividual caused by physical, mental and sensory impairment. Disability is the loss or limitation of opportunities to take part in the normal life of the community on an equal level with others due to physical and social barriers† (DPI 1982: 3). Within a political paradigm, the social model has insisted that there is no causal relationship between disability and impairment. The achievement of the disability movement has been to break the link between bodies and social situations and to focus on the real cause of disability: Discrimination and prejudice (Shakespeare and Watson 1997).The concept of equalization of opportunities, meaning the process by which society is modified to become accessible for people with disabilities, is putting the social model into action; it was first used in a United Nations document, Decade of Disabled Persons 1983-1992: World Program of Action Concerning Disabled Persons (UN 1983). These radical changes in the early 1980s were largely the result of a partnership between the disability movement and various governments (e. g.Canada and Sweden), who adopted the new principle of participation. This new outlook of disability has influenced the development of legislation like The Charter of Rights and Freedoms in Canada and The Americans with Disabilities Act (Enns 1998: xii). From this perspec tive, disability is a political issue. Disability right activists consider that the social environment structurally creates social disadvantages and discriminatory situations experienced by people with disabilities (Driedger 1989; Hahn 1985).Disability is socially constructed and manifested in situations experienced by environmental barriers and causality is no longer placed within the body and functional limitations but in the systemic inadequacy to adapt to their specific needs and oppression (Oliver 1990). It is important to note that the adoption and application of social policies and legislation ensuring the rights of the basic human rights and equal opportunities constitute modifications of the 7 Chapter One: Introduction environment that have had an obvious impact on the disability and rehabilitation process. The impossibility of monitoring the evolution and mpact of these factors through biomedical and compensation models is centered on an inside-theindividual model of disab ility. This fact has led numerous government planners and decision-makers to support the movement for the defense of human rights in the critique of the ICIDH and the inclusion of environmental variables for monitoring and measuring the impact of socio-economic policies in the field of rehabilitation, de-institutionalization, and social participation. This change is wellexemplified within the UN standards for the equalization of persons with disabilities (Barry 1995).Another major criticism of the ICIDH-1 was its lack of conceptual clarity and overlap between the concepts of impairments, disabilities, and handicaps (Nagi 1991). This oversight is mentioned by the Committee on a National Agenda for the Prevention of Disabilities in its report, â€Å"Disability in America,† in order to explain the rejection of the ICIDH as a conceptual framework. The committee preferred the concept used by Nagi (1991), wherein the disabling process is made up of four elements: Pathology, impairm ent, functional limitations, and disability (Pope an Tarlov 1991).After much criticism, WHO changed the ICIDH-1 model. The introduction of the ICIDH-2 states that, â€Å"The overall aim to the ICIDH-2 classification is to provide a unified and standard language and framework for the description of human functioning and disability as an important component of health† (WHO 1999: 7). The classification covers â€Å"any disturbance in terms of functional states associated with health conditions at body, individual and social levels† (WHO 1999: 7).The new draft of the ICIDH-2 proposes three dimensions of the concept of disability: body functions and structure, activities in the individual level, and the participation of the individual in society; it also includes a list of environmental factors. The title of the classification has been changed to ICIDH-2 International Classification of Functioning and Disability (‘functioning’ and ‘disability’ are defined as umbrella terms). 8 Chapter One: Introduction This final conceptual scheme shows that the individual’s health condition disorder or disease) depends on the aforementioned three basic concepts, which are inter-related themselves. These inter-relations again depend on the environmental factors and one’s personal orientation. The body thus has a role in disability at any level of human life (Fougeyrollas and Beauregard 2000). The ICIDH-2 was the result of various influences. It indicates positive change because it recognizes disability within various contexts and cites socio-political and environmental models as essential for counterbalancing the biomedical and economic model based on solely the individual (Bickenbach 1993).Here, the importance of environmental factors are recognized, but there is resistance to making this a separate and full fourth conceptual dimension. The systematic nature of disability phenomenon is acknowledged, but the explanation is made even more confusing by the proposal of a complex conceptual framework that fails to clearly identify the interaction between the individual and the environment as a central factor.The importance of the individual was recognized, but as an unclear contextual factor, creating some confusion with regard to environmental factors (Fougeyrollas and Beauregard 2000). In 2006, Tom Shakespeare published his book entitled ‘Disability Right and Wrong’, wherein he critiqued the ICIDH-2 social model. He thinks that, ‘‘[social model] approaches reject an individualist understanding of disability, and to different extents locate the disabled person in a broader context† (Shakespeare 2006: 9). This social model has also been counterposed to the medical model, a limitation of the former.Shakespeare (2006) stresses three points in order to understand disability and the rehabilitation processes of disability: Social and environmental barriers, the individual concept and sufferings, and the medicalization of disability. To understand the perception of disability and rehabilitation of a particular area, it is important to know the local culture and social settings, the disabled person’s concepts, the treatment procedure for disabled person, and the political systems regarding disabled. 9 Chapter One: IntroductionIn this context of disability study, I want to focus on a particular institution, which is working with disability. I want to examine their understanding about disability and review this understanding with the aforementioned models. However, in my research, I do not take disability as a universally define phenomena, rather the local cultural understandings of disability is important. Therefore, this research is to compare the different models to CRP’s experiences of disability, arguing that culture plays a role to construct the idea of disability. 1. 4 Chapter plan of the study: This chapter describes the overall idea of the stu dy.The argument of the study is ‘every disability has its own cultural shape’. To prove this argument this research selected a small scale area name ‘half way hostel’ the pre-discharged hostel of CRP, Bangladesh. After getting treatment patient come and stay in half way hostel for two weeks to learn therapy and other works, those are important and appropriate for their physical condition. They create a temporary territory there, which have a unique cultural shape. This study is an ethnographic description of that culture, where the disability plays a vital role to give a shape of that culture.Apart of this chapter, this study has four more chapters. The second chapter is focused on the description of field and methodology. I collected information by observing and participating in the daily life of half way hostel, which is my field. This chapter is a description of the experience of entering to the field, the advantage and limitation of my field. At the sam e time, this chapter conveys the gap within the planned methodology (what was in my mind before going to the field) and the methods, what I used in my field.Third chapter is based on the daily events at my field. The aim of this chapter is to get the picture of the culture of half way hostel through the daily life activities. The argument of this chapter is, with the influences of different kind of people; like patients, relatives, doctors, and therapists, half way hostel got a unique 10 Chapter One: Introduction culture. Moreover, this unique culture is always changing due to the age, gander, and socio-economic variation of these actors.The forth chapter is more focused on the particular issues in half way hostel; for instance, discussion that take place there, type of care giver of the patients, outing and gardening for the patients and so on. The aim of this chapter is to show the contradiction between CRP’s discipline and patients’ self agency. Finally the fifth ch apter is the conclusion of the study. This chapter has drawn the conclusion by showing the contradiction between different models of disability and the scenario of disability at half way hostel. 11 Chapter Two: Data Sources and Data Collection MethodsChapter Two: Data Sources and Data Collection Methods 2. 0 Introduction: In my methodology section, I will first describe my field, which will not only cover the geographical location of my field, but also my informant types, the events that take place in my field, and my experience to enter the field. Then, I will discuss which methods I used to collect the necessary data, the sample size & time frame. At last I will stress on my ethical position at the field. 2. 1 My field: I knew CRP before as a patient1. CRP has its several centers for treating and rehabilitating of paralyzed patients in Bangladesh.CRP's headquarters are in Savar, approximately 25km far from Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh. This headquarter was my field. There are several buildings and facilities in that compound (100-bed hospital, Operation theatre, Physiotherapy Department for in-patients and out-patients, halfway hostel where patients prepare for returning to their home communities, vocational training centers, etc. ). I had a limited idea of CRP from my past visits at CRP and CRP’s website. However, when I went to CRP for my field work, I was checked by the security. They asked me, where I wanted to go. I want to meet with Mizan Vai (Mizanur Rahman is the volunteer coordinator of CRP)’ I replied. Security asked quickly, ‘which Mizan? Wheelchair-Mizan? Or Crutch Mizan? ’ It was clear to me that both of the Mizans are disabled. I replied that I was looking for the volunteer coordinator and I did not see him before. Two guards discussed together and suggested me to go to BHPI (Bangladesh Health Professionals Institute) building to find out I have been living in Jahangir Nagar University campus from 2002 t o 2008 for my bachelor and masters. This university is about 3km far away from CRP.I first went CRP for my back pain in 2003. I had to go several time there for that reason. 1 12 Chapter Two: Data Sources and Data Collection Methods ‘wheelchair-Mizan’. I passed the gate and then the out-patients area. There were around 25 out-patients in that big hall room. The two side of that hall room were open and other two sides were closed by the Doctors room. I saw one young girl was howling in pain. She fall down from the tree just an hour ago and got hurt in the back. Her father was busy to fill up the appointment form and they are waiting for the doctor. I passed them to meet with Mizan Vai.I went to the Speech and Language Therapy Department in BHPI. Mizan Vai is the lecturer of that department and the volunteer coordinator of CRP. He told me that CRP offers nine courses in BHPI; bachelor degree In Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy, Speech and Language Therapy, Nursing Dipl oma and also some other diploma and assistance courses. There is no ramp in BHPI building; however Mizan Vai has the ability to use the stairs with his hands and knees. He got another wheelchair in the ground floor. We went together to the main administrative building to fill up my volunteer form.The administrative building was situated directly opposite to the BHPI building. In the main administrative area, we got a ramp. I filled up the form and then we moved around CRP; the In-patients area, the clinical physiotherapy, occupational therapy and speech & language therapy department, half way hostel, vocational training centre, staff quarter, inclusive school and the big hall room name Redda Way Hall. For my field work, I choose the half way hostel. I knew the concept of half way hostel before from the website of CRP. I showed my interest to work there. I got an ntroduction of half way hostel and started to work there. There were twenty beds for the patients, one office room, t hree toilets, one tube-well, one office room and one hall room in the half way hostel. Three permanent staff work there; a physiotherapist, an occupational therapist and a caretaker. Most of the other works are done by the other staff of CRP; for instance, in discussion period one councilor come and then goes back to his own work or in individual therapy’s time one or two physiotherapists come and after the session they go back to their previous work.Patients come in the half way hostel after getting treatment as in-patients. The concept of half way hostel is to make patients more independent. Patients learn here how to take therapy, how to cope off with their old environment, how to do daily work more independently. This hostel runs by its 13 Chapter Two: Data Sources and Data Collection Methods daily routine. Every day from 8 am to 8. 50 am they have group therapy. The patients and the therapists select a group leader from the patients. The leader has to know the therapy. T hey have Physiotherapy for every parts of the body.After 10 minutes break, discussant from different departments like social welfare or vocational training institute, come and discuss with the patients on three days in a week. In every Saturday, the patients got the idea of half way hostel and the other three days (Sunday, Tuesday and Thursday) they discuss on various topics, such as hygiene, pressure sore, the home environment, use of wheelchair, future profession, and social relationship. Monday and Wednesday are days for gardening. Patients do gardening under the supervision of the staff of half way hostel.Though in rainy season, they have to pass their time inside the hall room. After one hour of discussion or gardening patients start to do the individual therapy. If any patient requires special kind of therapy they can learn that in this period. The care givers of the patients also learn how to give therapy in this time. At 12 pm patients go to the vocational training centre. C RP offer six types of vocational training; tailoring, computer training, electronics servicing, shop keeping, and painting training. In the half way hostel the most training is the shop keeping.A person without one leg and one hand runs this training. I did find this training is too much effective. I saw the trainees were dissatisfied with the training. I asked one trainee, who is a member of half way hostel about the training. He told me ‘look sister, I have to laugh with the customer and I will be well-mannered to them; this is not a matter of learning rather this is a matter of common sense. ’ I got only four patients out of twenty who were regular in the vocational training on that particular time. The patients, who don’t attend in the vocational training, have to go to the Redda way hall of CRP.Every day from 12pm to 1pm, patients work to produce the package and the bandage for CRP’s internal necessities. Then, they get the launch break for one and ha lf hour. They come back at 2. 30 pm from their break. In different days of the week, patients get different work on that time. On every Saturday there is a cultural program, In-door games on Sunday and Tuesday, film show on every Wednesday and Monday is for discussion. CRP has three selected film for the half way hostel’s patients; Radio Vai (Radio brother), Bihongo (The birds) and Wheel Chair.All the 14 Chapter Two: Data Sources and Data Collection Methods films are produced by CRP. After this cultural program session, patients go to the ‘wheel chair skill’ for half an hour. For this ‘wheel chair skill’ training CRP made an intricate ground. With Three trainer wheel chair users go through the ground. Before going back to the hostel, patients join in the outdoor sports for an hour. As a volunteer, I maintained the office time of CRP. From Saturday to Wednesday, I had to stay in half way hostel from 8am to 5pm and on Thursday 8am to 1. 30 pm.Very ofte n I stayed after 5pm to collect more data in their chatting time. 2. 2 Entering to the field: I entered to my field as a volunteer. Many Anthropologists face the problem to enter to the field. Dr. Shahaduzzaman did his hospital ethnography in a Bangladeshi hospital (Zaman, 2005). He got a huge problem to omit his identity as a doctor. At the same time, he was not like a patient. As a result, in the beginning it was a challenge for him to gain the faith from his informants (Zaman, 2005). I did not have this kind of problem to enter in the field.CRP always recruits a good number of volunteers. Like the other volunteers, I did not get attention from the staff and patients. However, as a volunteer, I had to do many things which are not directly related to my research topic; for instance, maintaining the attendance of the patient’s daily activities, counseling the patients, helping them in the extra curriculum activities and so on. In the beginning, I thought these duties are not relevant with my thesis. Later I discovered that irrelevant activities are very important to get a clear picture of my field.By doing these kind of works, I got a high status to the patients, in one hand which is good. I did not have any problem to collect the data; patients and their relatives were eager to give me information. On the other hand, they always behaved formally with me, which was a disadvantage for my field work. It took couple of days to break this formal relationship. 15 Chapter Two: Data Sources and Data Collection Methods 2. 3 Data collection technique: Participant observation was the fundamental method of my research: I was in the field as a volunteer for two months.I stayed in the CRP hostel, which is inside CRP premises. As a result I frequently visited half way hostel even after office time. I tried to participate in their daily life. However, the concept ‘participant observation’ broad itself; Singha (1993) mentioned four possible roles for a par ticipant observer: 1) a complete participant, 2) participant as observer, 3) observer as participant 4) a complete observer. As a volunteer, I was not able to be a complete participant, as I could not completely involve myself in the daily lives of the patients.Thus, I will not be a complete observer either. My plan was to fall into the second and third categories: I was a participant as an observer and at the same time an observer as a participant. However, many anthropologists even doubt the term ‘participant observation’. Geest and Sarkodie wrote that, â€Å"participant observation is not an easy thing to do, or to be more precise, it is impossible. Participant observation is a dream, an ideal, and a contradiction in term† (Geest and Sarkodie 1998: 1373).Therefore, I observed daily life at CRP through my work and through building an informal relationship with my informants on the site. I have used many different methods to collect the qualitative and quantitat ive data to supplement my participant observation. For the convenience of data collection, I have divided the information into three categories: place (the half way hostel), people (the patients, staff and the relatives of the patients) and events (the daily life of the hostel). For the place part, I have collected both quantitative and qualitative data.With regard to the people, my focus was on the qualitative data gathered from the patients, their relatives and the people who work there. Here, I have used different tools; In-depth interviews, case studies, mind- map, observation, Semi- structured interviews, and conversation. For the third part of my data, I gathered primarily quantitative information on the daily schedules and events at CRP and then descriptive information on each and every event of half way hostel at CRP. The following tables and the explanation, shows detail of the 16Chapter Two: Data Sources and Data Collection Methods information or the data what I need for m y research and which method I will use for collecting this information. Table 1: the Place: Half Way Hostel Place Types of information Data collection methods Potential informants/ sources of information CRP Location and history of CRP, existing facilities, staff strength, number of patients, physical environment, building arrangement. Half-way hostel Number of rooms, room arrangement, existence facilities inside the hostel Observation, conversations, secondary source.Members and workers of halfway hostel, relatives of the member Patients’ access area Vocational Training, outdoor sports, nursing service, social welfare unit’s service Observation, semi-structured and in-depth in interviews. In-patients, relatives of inpatients, workers and therapist of CRP Staff rooms Facilities inside the room, the activities that take place in the rooms. Observation, interviews. Therapists, Workers, administrative officers Observation, secondary source and semistructured interview. CR P library, staff of CRP, website of CRP, Local people 7 Chapter Two: Data Sources and Data Collection Methods To get the information on my study place, I mainly used secondary sources. CRP’s publications, website, documentaries on CRP were some of my secondary sources. Apart of these secondary sources, I took interview, observed the facilities and talked informally with all type of people at CRP. Table-2: The people People Patients Types of information Data collection tools interviews, studies/ life Social background, daily activities and In-depth accessed area in CRP, communication case ith the staff, perception about their life, histories, mind- map, views about the center and the observation treatment, Doctors Therapists / Activities of different doctors/ therapist, Observation, interaction with other staff members, structured interaction with the patients, perception in-depth of disability. Staff (excluding doctors therapists) Relatives the patients and conversation Semii nterviews, Semiinterviews, interviews, Activities of different staff; interaction Observation, with the other with staff the member, structured communication patients, conversation, erception about the patients of Relationships with the patients, Observation, case in-depth perceptions about the disease of patient, studies, experience that gathered for having interviews, disabled person in a family, interaction conversation with the CRP’s staff 18 Chapter Two: Data Sources and Data Collection Methods Three kinds of people were my target; first- the patients. I wanted to know how they describe their physical and mental condition. I focused on their language. I tried to observe which words they use for their condition and which words for the opposite condition.I participated in their daily life; I observed their work and their participation in different work at half way hostel. I took 15 interviews to know details about them. I also used mind mapping to understand disabled peopl es’ daily accessed area. My plan was to provide them pen and papers and tell them to draw CRP. From their drawing, I thought I could find the accessed area of patients at CRP. The mind mapping idea was not useful for my field because most of the patients could not use the pen and some of them got paralysis in hand so they could not even move their hand.However, all the other methods I used were useful enough. My second target people were the employees, who work for those patients. Each patient evaluates his life with a special concentration, but the employees have to deal with many patients in a day. My interest was to know their feeling on disability; how they describe the condition of a disabled person. I observed them; we discussed together on different issues of the patients and we worked together for the patients. As a result, it was easy for me to get the data from the employees of half way hostel.My final target group was the relatives of the patients. The patients, wh o cannot move their hands and legs, have to bring their relatives. At the same time other patient’s relatives very often come and rent a home outside CRP. They were also my informants. I talked to them, observed their reaction in the discussion, therapy and the other time. Very often, I participated on their evening gathering time. They discussed on different events of the following day, which was a very important source of my information. 19 Chapter Two: Data Sources and Data Collection MethodsTable 3: The Events Events Types of information Data collection tools Doctor’s/ therapist’s daily round in the half way hostel Admission and discharge of patients Discussion Dressing, distribution of medicine, washing and meals Sports, vocational training, gardening and the other extracurricular activities Interactions and the participations of the patients Procedures, interactions Procedures, interactions Procedures, interactions Observation Observation Observation and c onversation Observation and conversation Procedures, interaction ObservationThe information of different events was the most important part of my research. I attended in the regular events of the half way hostel. I saw the patient’s participations in the event, their interaction with the event and their reaction on different matter of that event. In the leisure period, I often asked to the patients and their relatives on a particular event and observed their reaction. Observation and conversation were the main methods to collect the information on the events of half way hostel. 2. 4 The limitation and the advantage of my field: There is a metal and wood workshop behind the half way hostel.CRP makes its wheel chairs, special seats for the patients, and the other metal things in their own metal workshop. The noise of welding machine of that metal workshop made the workshop area and the half way hostel polluted. It was impossible for me to tape the voice inside 20 Chapter Two: D ata Sources and Data Collection Methods the half way hostel due to this noise pollution. Often I took my interview outside the half way hostel. Another limitation of my field is that CRP works for the spinal cord injured patients. As a result, I got a particular type of disabled people there. It is indeed a limitation of my work.On the other hand, I could only focus on a specific type of informants. However these patients come at CRP just after their accident. That is why they could not imagine the loneliness of a disabled person in their local community. This is another limitation of my work. I got the informants, who are used to see too many disabled people around them at CRP. Language played a vital role in my thesis. First of all, to understand my informant’s daily speech, I needed to know the local dialect. Though my native language is Bengali, but some of the patients speak in hard dialect which is tough to understand.Moreover, to understand their jokes and silent langu age, I needed to understand the cultural context of those people. Then the problem rises with the data representation. Many things are easy to understand in Bengali and tough to translate and represent in English. Furthermore, there are many jokes, fun and frustration, which could be translated, but hard to realize the meaning because of the cultural gap. I got many advantages in my field as well. First of all I got many disabled person at a time in one area, which is a big advantage for my fieldwork. Second thing was my residence at CRP’s volunteer guest house.I could stay at half way hostel as long as I wanted as I did not have to worry about the distance between my workplace and residence. At the same time, I stayed there with twenty more volunteers. Many of them came for their study (like research, placement, and internship). I shared many things with them, and we discussed different issues, that discussions were very helpful for getting a clear understanding on the parti cular issue. 21 Chapter Two: Data Sources and Data Collection Methods 2. 5 Sample size and time frame: Before going to the field, I did not have any sample size as I wanted to do a participant observation.However after my field work I got a number of informants including their different quantitative information, which will be helpful to get an overall idea of those patients (Annex-1). I was in Half Way Hostel for two months (from 1st of August to 1st of October, 2009). During my field work period, I got 62 patients and 35 care giver in the half way hostel. Out of these 62 patients, only 10 were women. I have taken 15 in-depth interviews of the patients and had conversation with all of them. I had also 5 semi-structured interviews with the staff of CRP.Out of 5, three of them were therapists, 2 were assistant of the therapists. 2. 6 Ethical considerations I worked with the paralyzed patients at CRP. Naturally, they are more sophisticated than ‘normal people’ (according t o biomedicine), as the greater part of the society discriminates them, even with regard to standard daily movement (lack of wheelchair accessibility to facilities, or in busses, trains, or cars), education (special schools for disabled people are only for secondary level), and jobs (lower education levels mean fewer job opportunities).In my research, ethical consideration is very important because I was working with their daily experience, daily feelings, and daily reaction with the existing facilities. I also worked with the rehabilitation process and its limitations or usefulness from the point of view of the patient. Here, I will be very careful to maintain confidentiality of their information, knowing that if the CRP authorities knew that the patient was dissatisfied and complaining, that result in consequences for the patient himself. I asked all of my informants about their preference for interview methods.I used my tape recorder with their explicit. Finally, I wanted to provi de a written and signed statement of confidentiality that I would honor until they personally ratify its content. However, they all gave me the permission to write on their life and to mention their name. 22 Chapter Two: Data Sources and Data Collection Methods 2. 7 Conclusion: The focus of this chapter was to show the field and the data collection technique from the field. My field was half way hostel of CRP (Centre for the Rehabilitation of the Paralysed), Bangladesh. Half way ostel is one of the rehabilitation areas of CRP. Patients come to the half way hostel after completing their treatment from CRP. They stay usually two weeks there. I was in the half way hostel for two months. I participated in their daily life and observed their life. I collected the information by participant observation. To supplement this participant observation I have used many different methods like interviews, mind maps, case studies, and life histories. 23 Chapter Three: Daily life in CRP; Living with Disability Chapter Three: Daily Life in CRP; Living with Disability 3. Introduction In my research question, I have noted that I want to know the cultural shape of disability. This cultural shape of disability can be understood from everyday life of disable person. Disable people express their situation to the care givers; care givers at the same time express their reactions. These reactions and responses are there in the everyday life of half way hostel, which are important to understand cultural shape of disability. In this chapter I will focus on this issue. 3. 1 Expression of Pain: ‘Oh God take me, take me (Allah, tui amare nia ja)’ Ershad was shouting with this sentence.He was the only one patient in that hall room. Most of the patients went to the sports. His wife and me were sitting behind him. His wife is not too old but her face seems older and rude. There were two more patients few minutes ago; Khokon and Mofizur. I was playing chess with them; suddenly Ersha d started to cry and his wife was a bit careless. Khokon vai told me ‘look madam, how rude the wife is’. I asked, ‘what happened? ’ ‘Ershad Ershad is a 24years young married man. His home town is in Tangail, which is about 100 km far from Dhaka. He was a farmer. One day he was carying a load of paddy tree.Suddenly he fell down in a rat hole. He got hurt in his neck. His bone in neck broke. Ershad was taken directly to the district hospital and that hospital referred him to CRP. According to the assessment of the therapists, he has to use wheel chair for ever. However, the topography of his area is not plain; the area is full of up and low land. He has a house in a high land and paddy field in a low land. The low land goes under water during the rainy season at least for four months. As a wheel chair person, movement is so difficult for him. Moreover, in the rainy season, it is impossible.On the other hand he took shop keeping training from CRP and wan ted to give a shop in the market. When I asked whether it is possible to maintain a shop with this circumstance, he did not give any answer. peed in his lungi (lungi is like a skirt, but mostly the male of south Asia wear it), so his wife behaved rudely with him. Mofizur vai was leaving the room and saying himself, ‘how bad women she is, no respect for husband†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. Khokon Vai react as 24 Chapter Three: Daily life in CRP; Living with Disability well ‘my wife is 100 times better than this woman, I shout a lot, but she never reacts or behave rudely’.However, the wife of Khokon Sharder (32): He is a very talkative man at half way hostel. Before accident, he was a line man of Polly Bitdut (A company for electricity supply). He had to climb electric poles for maintenance purpose. One day he falls from the electric pole and got hurt in back. He took the shop keeping training and wants to build a shop of electronic products back in home. Ershad was careless lik e before. She was starting to do her task in a rude and quiet way; she changed Ershad’s lungi, cleaned the body, and rubbed the lower part of the body.Aminul vai, the care taker of half way hostel came and tried to make her understand ‘look don’t misbehave with your Mofizur Rahman (22): he was laying under his truck, checking its wheel, all of a sudden the truck started to move. A child had climbed up onto the truck, turned the key and got it moving towards his chest. Thus the truck driver Mozifur Rahman got his chest crushed. After having spent several months at the medical care division of CRP-Savar, Mozifur went back to his home in Khulna division to try to live the life in his wheelchair with his parents, sisters and brothers, wife and his four years old son.He would also try to find out ways to earn living for himself and his family. He would decide whether he would work as a shop keeper or earn money from renting out his parents property. He supposed to go back to his home after couple of weeks at CRP for his vocational training, but he did not leave even after three months. husband, if God wants you might become disabled in a second, who knows what is going to happen with us! ’ The woman replied that they don’t have fan in their room. Her husband could not sleep last night at all and make her awake and after a long sleepless night how could she control her temper.Aminul vai left the room and the women took a seat next to the patient. Then Ershad, the patient, started to cry again. He was splitting repeatedly. Feeling pain in the chest and could not take breath. Some patient’s relatives came by this time; they were suggesting the women to go to the nursing station. The woman was trying to pick him up to the wheel chair, but failed. I hesitated to help her not only because he was dirty but also as a Bangladeshi female it is tough for me to take a man on my arm. There were no male around. At last with the help 25 Ch apter Three: Daily life in CRP; Living with Disability f some other women, his wife picked up him on the wheel chair. Ershad was crying and shouting ‘I am dying, I am dying, call my parents, my sister, I am dying. ’ They came back after 20 munities and then the wife was shouting ‘look sister, all blamed me. Now see, he trough out the pill by vomit and again make dirty everything. I will die by cleaning and cleaning. ’ By shouting she was helping her husband to transfer him wheelchair to bed. The patient was shouting at the same time as well, ‘take me to my home, I will die. Call my sister over phone. Tell them to take me home’.Slowly the patients and the therapists came back from the field. One therapist name Lockman asked Ershad, ‘what happened to you? ’ He replied, ‘Sir, please save my life. I am dying. My two legs are burning. Please give me some ice. Lokman vai heard all the events and said to Ershad, ‘if I give you ice you will get a cold then, do you want this? This is very normal to have some pain in this time. ’ The other patients also voted in this regard. Heamayet Fakir, another patient, said ‘you don’t know how much pain I have tolerated every day. You have to adjust with it. Don’t behave like a woman. Ershad’s wife came to me and whispered ‘sister, he got a bad wind. When you get this type of bad wind, you have to suffer three times. Previously, he got injured two times and this is his last time. But this time his neck broke. I came here to treat this broken neck, but now we need to go back to kaviraj (traditional healer in Bangladesh, they mainly use the herbal medicine and very often they recite mantra for the patient’s well being). The kaviraj will give him back the strength of his hands and legs’. I asked ‘why three times of suffering? Why not more or less sufferings? ’ She replied ‘this is the rule’.He r husband kept crying. The therapist came back to him and said ‘is the pain still there? ’ Ershad cried out ‘sir someone is cutting my legs from me’. 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The Puerto Rican Americans - Assignment Example The cruel Spanish colonial leaders took them as captives and massacred them. Puerto Rico came under the territory of United States in 1898 just after the Spanish-American war ended. In the Treaty of Paris, Puerto Rico was surrendered by the Spain to the United States. The U.S government started introducing measures to solve the crucial issues of the island, Puerto Rico. Essential actions were taken to bring the economic and social conditions of the island under control. Just after the event of Puerto Rico, coming under the United States colony, migration began. At the early stage, migration was less due to the poor financial conditions of the residents of Puerto Rico. As the economic and social conditions of Puerto Rico enhanced; and the United States-Puerto Rico relations became stronger, immigrations increased. By the year 1920, not more than 5000 Puerto Ricans lived in New York City. When the World War I began, it was seen that more and more Puerto Ricans were shifting to U.S and nearly 1000 Puerto Ricans got employed in the U.S army. The number of Puerto Ricans soldiers in the U.S army increased to 100,000 during the World War II. The World War II period exhibited a phase of the first great migration of Puerto Ricans to United States. All these events displayed a very strong bond which had formed between the United States and Puerto Rico. The economic and social factors were responsible for the huge migration from the island to the mainland. Firstly of all, the island was suffering from overpopulation; and secondly, the mainland had plenty of work opportunities which were attracting many poverty stricken citizens of Puerto Rico. Since then New York City became the central point of migrations. Later on in early 1960s the rate of migration decelerated. Back and forth flow of the people continued but at a comparatively slow pace. But in late 1970s due to recession again the migration of people from the island to the mainland increased tremendously and many of the people decided to settle in New York City permanently. According to the statistics of U.S Census Bureau, by the year 1990 no less than 2.7 million Ricans were living in the New York City. (Green) Challenges and Accomplishments: Due to autocratic control of the Spanish over the Puerto Rico Island, its citizens had to undergo enormous much pain and brutality. Secondly, no one was taking care of the economic and social conditions of the society due to which the residents of the country had to grieve a lot. Apart from this, over population was another problem which gave rise to the problem of unemployment and very poor living standards. The cost of migration was not affordable by many. Moreover, migrated Ricans got the job of soldiers in the army as it was war time and there was no guarantee of their lives and family at risk due to the ongoing events of war. After passing these hurdles, Puerto Rican Americans achieved a lot, including the opportunity to work, protection from the Uni ted States, freedom from the cruel rule of the Spanish, a good place to settle down and that was New York. Plus, they could begin their lives again and live peacefully; the major problems of the island were looked upon and taken care of under the governance of United States; and the island regained its economic and soci

Anorexia Nervosa Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Anorexia Nervosa Paper - Essay Example People suffering from anorexia nervosa have hypersensitivity towards their looks. They feel that their value as a person is directly affected by the shape of their bodies thus has an intense fear of gaining weight. They deliberately lose weight and find that food dominates their lives. They may diet; exercise excessively or use other means to lose weight despite even being underweight to the pint that their condition becomes life threatening (Jade, 2009). This condition is serious and affects all sorts of people of all ages; however, it is more common amongst teenagers and in recent years has become common among boys at 25% (in the 7-24yrs age group). Among all the people suffering from anorexia nervosa, women make 90-95%. Among the women, some are over the age of 30 years and their condition occurs first before they reach the age. This is despite the fact that most cases go unreported thus making it difficult to judge the numbers of people suffering. Also, the some may go undiagnose d as they fall short of the conventional diagnostic models despite having symptoms. Symptoms There are any symptoms associated with this disorder, and they vary from one person to the other due to factors such as individual differences. A common symptom is a body weight that is much less than expected for your age and height (15% or more below the normal weight). Others would have an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat despite being underweight, they may also have a body image that is distorted due to their focusing on body weight or shape. Anorexics decline to acknowledge the gravity of their loss of weight. In women, some may fail to have their menstrual periods for three or more cycles, which is a serious symptom. Moreover, in some others, they severely limit their food intake or even make themselves vomit, they exercise excessively at all times, or in worse cases, they use drugs such as diet pills to curb their appetite and laxatives to induce bowel movements. Visible symptoms include blotchy or yellow skin that is dry and covered with fine downy hair, slow or confused thinking accompanied by poor memory and judgment, depression, dry mouth, wasting away of muscles and loss of body fat, constipation, and fatigue. However, these symptoms may also be caused by other conditions or diseases thus there are tests to rule out these possibilities. Causes The causes of anorexia nervosa have not been completely comprehended. However, they are some well known causes such as; pressure from society and media, personality and family environment and genetic factors. Pressure from society and the media contributes as they portray the perfect person as being thin. This is commonly seen as is the case with models and TV actresses being slim, slender or thin in the western countries thus is most common in these countries. Personality and family environment plays a role in the case of having low self esteem. This is where a person thinks lowly of himself and associa tes it with his/her body weight. Family wise, it could be as a result of emotionally upsetting events like divorce or abusive family relationships. Also on personality traits, it can be caused by obsessive compulsive behavior where one thinks obsessively of doing certain actions. Genetic factors have also been identified to cause anorexia where in a family with identical twins, and one twin has anorexia, then the other has a 1:2 chance of getting it too. Other causes could be having

Freedom and Determinism Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Freedom and Determinism Problem - Essay Example One should distinguish between the idea that events in the universe are linked causally and the idea that events in the universe are linked correlatively. In the first view, exemplified by Newtonian physics, is that the trajectories of billiard balls are determined by their interactions (using factors such as velocity, momentum, and so on). In the second view, certain events are correlatively linked to others, leading to the perception of a causal relationship. 2. Libertarianism Metaphysical libertarianism is the contrary position to determinism, holding that a human free will does exist and that free will is incompatible with determinism. A completely free will implies that no external events act upon or causally determine the chosen actions of human beings. In other words, a person is able to take any of a set of actions under particular circumstances; that is, his choice is not limited to only one possible choice, as is claimed by determinism. One should distinguish between the id ea that libertarianism applies to non-physical objects and physical objects. In the first view, the mind is a non-physical entity outside of physical causation and does not rely on the brain for causative explanations. In the second view, libertarianism implies indeterminism in the physical world (invoking ideas of newer quantum physics), which extends to the physical mind. 3. Compatibilism If libertarianism and determinism are two sides on a continuum, then compatibilism is the middle ground between those two positions. Essentially, the idea is that free will and deterministic causation are compatible ideas, making it possible to logically believe in both at the same time. Of course, compatibilists do not believe in the same kind of free will that libertarians do. While libertarians define free will in a way that is logically inconsistent with a physically deterministic universe, compatibilists define it in a manner that is consistent with a deterministic physical universe, making how one defines his terms very important in the debate. A common way of expressing the compatabilist view is explaining that man is not coerced into following his will; however, what he wills is likely subject to forces outside of his mental life. For instance, many human motivations and drives are unconscious, which points to a role both for determinism and man’s choice of actions in human life. This implies also that notions of â€Å"alternatives† used by metaphysical libertarians are not real. II. A. Do humans have free will? Humans have free will, but it is not a completely free will. Clearly, certain constraints inhibit the complete freedom of a human free will. For instance, a person cannot fly off a roof or breathe under water, even if there is a clear wish to do so. Moving physical and non-physical constraints aside, any person can clearly demonstrate a free will by choosing their actions among many alternatives. For instance, I can continue typing or get up to get something to drink. But one should notice that both of these actions are at the top of my mind because they are motivated by some process in my physical brain, subject to the causes and effects of electrical and chemical processes. This produces the compatabilist notion of free will: courses of action are suggested by my brain, which my mind eventually chooses from. Are all human actions determined? Not all human action is determined. From psychology, there are numerous examples of how human

Economy and Environment (part of petroleum engineering group project) Essay

Economy and Environment (part of petroleum engineering group project) - Essay Example In this operation, there was both the capital expenditure (CAPEX) as well as the operating expenditure (OPEX) that will be involved in the initial years of the project, hence hindering any revenue generation in the initial years of operation. It therefore means that, the cash flow during the initial years will only consist of the CAPEX and the OPEX data before revenue generation begins. The project needed a capital injection for the first three years of operation before, hence no revenue for this period. On the fourth year, however, the project begins generating revenue. This is explained that, the project will begin producing oil on the fourth year with no or zero water at the beginning. The production will then continue after which, from the sixth year on to the ninth year, more water will be produced; hence the revenue is expected to reduce as less oil will be produced to increase the revenue. After year nine, the oil production is again expected to increase with a decrease in the production of water, hence there will be a rise in the NPV once again as oil production is expected to follow such a trend of increasing initially up to year seven where it will again be expected to decrease and again rise after year nine. This trend is demonstrated in the table below. Net Present Value is the difference between the present value of the cash inflows and the present value of the cash out flows. To calculate the Net Present Values, the project cash flows are discounted using an appropriate rate which is usually the minimum rate of the return required by the investors. The appropriate cash flows in this case are the after tax cash flows and the net cash flow is therefore estimated on an after tax basis. For this project, the appropriate discounting rate used was 7%. The various applicable rates for each year were calculated in the discounting

Montessori Senstive Periods Essay Example for Free

Montessori Senstive Periods Essay Define the term sensitive periods, and explain how the teachers knowledge and understanding of these periods determines his / her preparation and custodianship of the prepared environment A thorough understanding and knowledge of the sensitive periods (Montessori, 1972) that a child passes through is crucial in aiding the teacher to provide a suitable environment to assist a childs optimum development as the environment that the child is in plays a crucial role to their formation according to Montessori. A sensitive period refers to a special sensibility which a creature acquires in its infantile state (Montessori, 1966, page 38). Such sensitive periods were first discovered in insects by the Dutch scientist Hugo de Vries. Montessori stated that sensitive periods can also be found in children and are very important for a teacher to consider to aid optimum development through providing the correct type of environment. Therefore to fully understand the sensitive periods, an understanding of Montessoris periods of growth (Montessori, 2007) that she devised from birth to maturity is needed. These outlined the progress of a childs mental development, which correspond with phases of physical growth. Montessoris periods of growth consist of phase one; birth to six years, phase two; six to twelve years, phase three; twelve to eighteen years and phase four; eighteen to twenty-four years. Within each stage the child has different characteristics and needs, therefore requiring an alternative suitable environment for optimum development to occur, as each stage lays the foundations for the child to continue to develop within the next stage, with the first stage being fundamental (www. casadimir. org). Stage one is split into two sub-phases, comprising of birth to age three and three to age six. During this first stage the child has an absorbent mind (Montessori, 2007). The unconscious absorbent mind from birth to three years old, which is described as a mind that is constantly absorbing impressions from the environment; and yet does this without knowing that it is doing so, and without willing it (Standing, 1998, page 109). The conscious absorbent mind from three to six years continues to build on the faculties that developed during the phase of the unconscious mind. However, instead of soaking in the environment unconsciously it is the childs own ego which guides and directs him (Standing, 1998, age 112). This stage is critical for the foundations of an all round well developed child both mentally and physically. Stage two, from six to twelve years, is a stable periodwith noticeable physical and mental changes. The absorbent mind is replaced with reasoning and logical thinking; the child continues to develop and build upon his development from stage one. Stage three, twelv e to eighteen years, is split into two sub-phases comprising of twelve to fifteen years, the stage of puberty and fifteen to eighteen years, the stage of adolescence. This period is a very unstable and an emotional time for the child. Stage four, eighteen to twenty four years, the beginnings of adulthood; this time is usually very stable. Montessori identified six main sensitive periods, consisting of a period of sensitivity to order, to language, for refinement of the senses, for walking and movement, for small objects and to the social aspects of life, all of which are present during the first stage of growth; the absorbent mind. Theses sensitive periods are not consecutive; some are continuous and some overlap, which will now be looked at in greater depth. The period of sensitivity to order is one of the first sensitive periods to been seen in the development of a child and usually appears within the childs first month. Throughout this sensitive period the child requires a precise, ordered environment, which can be observed by the joy which children show at seeing things in their correct places (Montessori, 1972). The presence of this sensitive period however, is even more evident when the order is somehow interfered with. For example, in the Secret of Childhood (1972), Montessori describes the agitation of a 6 month old child when a parasol was placed upon the table by a woman entering the room; the child immediately began to cry. The woman automatically presumed that the child wished to play with the parasol, this brought on further frustration causing the little girl to push the parasol away when it was given to her. Her mother suddenly realised and when the parasol was removed from the room it was only then that the child became calm again. In Montessoris words the object out of place had violently upset the little girls pattern of memory as to how objects should be arranged (Montessori, 1972, page 50), thus causing the child distress demonstrating the need for a precise environment. Another example illustrated by Montessori in the Secret of Childhood (1972), was when she was on a guided tour through the tunnel of the Grottoof Nero in Naples, when a mother carrying a little boy took her coat off and threw it over her arm while she continued to carry the child. The child once again became agitated and continuously cried. Various approaches were used to try and sooth the child, all of which were unsuccessful, until Montessorisuggested that the mother should put her coat on. Following this action the childs tears disappeared and he continuously said Coat shoulder (Montessori, 1972, page 51), the child once again smiled as he felt that his mother had eventually understood him. With these examples and the knowledge of the childs sensitivity to order it demonstrates the need for the teacher to ensure a well ordered environment that is predictable to the child, while allowing sufficient freedom and time for the child to explore ontheir own. The period of sensitivity for language occurs between birth and approximately five years old. During this time the child masters basic sentence patterns in their nativelanguage and goes on to develop more complex sentences during the next stage of growth. From the moment the child is born, without lessons and without conscious effort he learns to pronounce the language he hears around him with perfection (Standing, 1998, page 121), simply by listening to the language;words spoken slowly and clearly. The child listens voluntarily then goes on to utter sounds, experiencing vibrations and developing his vocal muscles. Montessori (1972) stated that the childs sensitive period for language tends to pass unnoticed, as the environment he is in, surrounded by adults speech provides the necessary requirements for his development. This sensitive period is only acknowledged when the child demonstrates their joy through smiles and bodily movements, when tuned into the sounds of language. The period of sensitivity for the refinement of the senses, begins approximately when a child begins to crawl and can truly manipulate and experience his environment, this continues generally until the age of eight. Through guided teaching using the correct material in an appropriate environment and practice, the childs senses can be refined so that the child can distinguish between minimaldifferences. Using the colour box to distinguish between gradients of colours or grading the sound cylinders is a good example of this. The period of sensitivity for walking and movement, occurs approximately at the age of one when the child first begins to walk. Although they walk slowly and with no real rhythmic step or goal, the child can walk for long periods of time covering great distances, showing thorough enjoyment during their travels (Lillard, 1972). This allows time for a child to explore the outside world with the freedom of a suitable large space, improving his physical coordination and fulfilling his desire to absorb his surroundings. The period of sensitivity for small objects becomes apparent when the child becomes mobile at around the age of one and has a larger, open environment to explore. The child is drawn towards small objects such as pebbles and tiny insects. This is demonstrated through an example from Montessori (1972) in the Secret of Childhood, when a fifteen month old child sitting on the paving outside suddenly burst into laughter. The adult saw nothing until a small insect was pointed out by the by the child; it is as though the child looks for items that are invisible to adults. The period of sensitivity for social aspects of life occurs at around three years of age when the child begins to realise that they are partof a group. The childs social interest is exhibited first as an observing activity, and later develops into a desire for more active contact with others (Lillard, 1972, page 36). Therefore, with providing an environment where a child is free to observe, experiment and explore amongst their peers without intervention, apart from when antisocial behaviour is presented, a child naturally forms correct social behaviour and a willingness to help others. The teacher needs a concrete understanding of the sensitive periods to be able to provide a suitable environment for a child to develop. A prepared suitable environment for example includes, clearly ordered, organised and readily available materials, child-sized furniture, low shelves and real life objects. Along with the freedom to explore and move around freely, these aspects all take the needs of the child into consideration, although observation of the childs abilities and interests by the teacher is equally as important for the teacher to make required adjustments to suit the childs needs at certain points in their development and particular sensitivities. It is important to support the requirements of the sensitive periods as once this period passes the child will no longer achieve his optimum development with this aspect of his inner self with ease. Also if a sensitive period is neglected it may hinder the development with other aspects of the childs development. In Montessoris words, If he passes through a period sensitive to order, the disorder he perceives can be an obstacle to his development and a cause of abnormalities (Montessori, 1972, page 49). Therefore a thorough understanding of a childs periods of growth and sensitive periods as well as exceptional observational skills is essential for a teacher to establish a desired environment to provide the opportunities for the sensitive periods to flourish. Bibliography Lillard, P (1972), Montessori A Modern Approach, Schocken books, New York Montessori, M (1972) The Secret of Childhood, Ballentine, New York Montessori, M (2007) The Absorbent Mind, Montessori-Pierson Publishing Company, Amsterdam Standing, E. M (1998) Maria Montessori: Her Life and Work, First Plume Printing, America www. casadimir. org Casa di Mir Montessori School (undated). Montessori Philosophy http://www. casadimir. org/montessoriphilosophy. htm