Foreign Exchange Risk Management - 14141 Words

REVIEW 1 The survey of foreign currency risk awareness and management practices in Tanzania REVIEW OF LITERATURE Foreign exchange risk management Foreign currency exchange risk is the additional riskiness or varience of a firm’s cash flows that may be attributed to currency fluctuations (Giddy, 1977, Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2005). Normally, foreign currency risk exists in three forms; translation, transaction and economic exposures. Foreign currency risk management involves taking decisions which aim at minimizing or eliminating the negative effects of currency fluctuations on balance sheet and income statement values, a firm s receipts and payments arising out of current transactions, and on long term future cash flows of a firm.†¦show more content†¦Using a unique set of data containing complete foreign currency spot and derivatives positions of Korean exporting firms, we empirically find that currency position-squaring firms have significantly higher firm value. We also find evidence that these firms time the currency market when they manage their currency cash position. Meanwhile, firms time the credit market when they determine the use of foreign currency debts. Strikingly, firms still time the market even when they conduct derivatives hedging and synthetic hedging. Our findings are consistent with the market timing theory of capital structure. The second essay examines what determines banks‟ exposure to foreign currency risks, their management of these risks, and the relationship to the probability of bank failures. Using a unique data set of Korean banks with detailed information on their foreign currency risk exposures and hedging positions, we find that banks‟ foreign currency position mismatches, maturity mismatches, and debt roll-over risks are significantly attributed to their dollar carry lending strategy, which is stimulated by market timing of corporate firms, short-maturity dollar borrowings, real estate market booms, and dollar interest rate tightening. We also find that banks‟ foreign currency exposures significantly increase their financial distress likelihood through dollar carryShow MoreRelatedForeign Exchange Risk Management Policies630 Words   |  2 PagesAndrew Marshalls paper Foreign exchange risk management in UK, USA, and Asia Pacific multinational companies has the a stated objecti ve to simultaneously survey the foreign exchange risk practices of large UK, USA and Asia Pacific multinational companies (MNCs). The author seeks to determine of foreign exchange rate risk management policies vary internationally. To study this subject, the author used a questionnaire of MNCs, choosing the largest 600 questionnaires from the UK, USA, AustraliaRead MoreResearch on Foreign Exchange Risk Management13065 Words   |  53 PagesResearch Paper On Foreign Exchange Risk Management Submitted In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirement Of Masters of Business Administration Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 CHAPTER 1: PLANRead MoreOperational Risk Management in Foreign Exchange Dealing710 Words   |  3 PagesOperational Risk Management in Foreign Exchange Dealing Abstract This paper discusses operational risk management in foreign exchange dealing for commercial banks in Tanzania. The paper further defines the problem and showing evidence that the problem is still in existence and outlines areas that require further researches from other literatures with the same research problem. It outlines the questions to be used in the research and shows the relevance of the study and its significance to commercialRead MoreA Comparison of the Effectiveness of Currency Futures and Currency Options in the Context of Foreign Exchange Risk Management6984 Words   |  28 PagesINTRODUCTION 1.1. Research Background Exposure risk managers can hedge exchange rate risk with either currency futures or currency options. It is generally suggested that hedgers should choose a hedge instrument that matches the risk profile of the underlying currency position as closely as possible. This advice, however, ignores the possibility that the hedging effectiveness may differ for the alternate risk management tools. This study compares the effectiveness of currency futuresRead MoreCompany Risk Management : Pfizer Chief Financial Officer Frank D Amelio Said That Foreign Exchange Rates1105 Words   |  5 PagesIn January 2015, Pfizer Chief Financial Officer Frank D Amelio said that foreign exchange rates will hurt 2015 sales by $2.8 billion, or 17 cents a share, if the dollar remains at its current high levels. Pfizer operates like most MNCs by most likely utilizing hedging to reduce the volatility spawned by fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. But what you really need to understand is that there are risks involved in FX hedging itself. Most analysts tend to prefer long-term hedging over short-termRead MoreDetails of a Research Study on the Foreign Exchange Process in the Tanzanian Banking System752 Words   |  3 PagesProblem Definition The foreign exchange market is the oldest and most liquid money markets to ever exist having participants from banks, investment companies, and multinational corporations among others. This has increased daily transaction figures standing to approximately $1.2 trillion per day. In addition, the ever changing market conditions have forced foreign exchange dealers to modify trading procedures and operational procedures to help in managing the ever present risks. Until recently, TanzaniaRead MoreHow Companies Are Managing The Foreign Exchange Risk Through The Use Currency Options1383 Words   |  6 PagesExecutive Summary This paper discusses how companies are managing the foreign exchange risk through the use currency options. For instance, some companies who didn’t not take risk management seriously had resulted in inefficient use of capital, increased liabilities, and reputation risk. Moreover, a lack of certainty can cause confusion as to what a company’s acceptance of risk is, such as a level of acceptance. Without risk management, a company can become overconfident in its methods, which could leadRead MoreUse of Derivatives in Toyota1278 Words   |  6 PagesCORPORATION 1. INTRODUCTION *2. FOREIGN EXCHANGE RISK IN *TOYOTA {draw:frame} http://www.indexmundi.com/xrates/graph.aspx?c1=JPYc2=USDdays=5475 2.2 *De*rivative products used by for foreign exchange risk Translation Risk Translation risk management Transaction Risk Transaction risk management Non derivative management 2.2 Derivative products used for foreign exchange risk a) Foreign exchange forward contracts b) Foreign currency options Toyota usesRead MoreGlobal Financial Management690 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿ Global Financial Management In todays increasingly internationalized worldwide economic system, defined by the expansion of multinational corporate conglomerates into foreign shores, the necessity for effective and efficient global financial management has never been greater. Whereas autonomous countries once maintained clear authority over businesses which were built on their shores, through levying taxes, enforcing fiscal regulations, and instituting a lawful system of commerce, today the mostRead MoreCase Study : Husky Energy Inc.1472 Words   |  6 PagesTSX: Husky Energy Inc. (HSE): ïÆ'Ëœ HSE is exposed to risks related to the volatility of commodity prices, foreign exchange rates and interest rates. Furthermore, it is exposed to financial risks related to liquidity and credit and contract risks. HSE utilizes numerous derivative instruments to manage various risks including volatility in commodity prices, foreign exchange rates, and interest rate exposure. o Commodity Price Risk Management: HSE enters into commodity price contracts in order to offset

Do Religious Jews Suffer in the American Justice System

America boasts an unsurpassed justice system. Unlike many Eastern countries, America presumes the defendant â€Å"innocent until proven guilty†. The Fourth Amendment protects all individuals against unreasonable searches and seizures, and a valid search warrant must be obtained from a magistrate after proving probable cause. Additionally, in America criminals can be vindicated if the prosecution fails to prove their criminal guilt â€Å"beyond a reasonable doubt†. Furthermore, the Sixth Amendment provides the accused with a right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury; thus, a hung jury results in a mistrial. Its purpose is explained in the landmark Supreme Court decision Apodaca v. Oregon: â€Å"†¦ [T]he purpose of trial by jury is to prevent†¦show more content†¦The boys, Yossi Bondo, 17, Yaakov Yosef Grunwald, 19, and Yoel Zev Goldstein, 22; Yeshiva students of Bnei Brak, Israel; were approached by someone they knew and trusted, and asked th em to transport antiques to the Far East for an upcoming Art Fair. The deal was that the boys would stop in Amsterdam, where they would receive the antiques, before taking a connecting flight to Tokyo, Japan where someone will pick it up. They were to receive a bonus of $1,000 each and a chance to Daven in Lizensk. After a long, exhausting flight, the boys arrived to Narita International Airport. After a custom agent determined that their suitcases had contained $3.6 million dollars worth of narcotics, the three unsuspecting boys were immediately arrested and placed in solitary confinement. It followed by months of grueling interrogation in a foreign country and foreign language. After Askanim from Israel, Europe and the United States got involved, the boys were finally able to relate their account and request Kosher meals. These dedicated Askanim saw that the boys should be vindicated and freed for once. At last, after three and half years of hard work by the Askanim, after millions of dollars for defense and thousands, perhaps millions, of chapters Tehillim recited on their behalf throughoutShow MoreRelatedHuman Suffering1539 Words   |  7 Pagesof a certain program, many people lose their jobs and do not get the care they need. Taking from the AIDS clinics, for example, leaves the patients in the clinics helpless. Although the government tries not to look deceitful, they eventually do look devious because so many people are left with no where to go. The selfish works of the government leaves families and friends of the victims of governmental cuts suffer as well. The family suffers knowing the person with AIDS will eventually die with noRead MoreThe Apostle Paul, Saint Augustine Martin Luther Essay3381 Words   |  14 Pagesthe Christian faith. In this research paper I will explore these experiences and how they do and do not relate to each other. The Apostle Paul Paul was born with the name of Saul, in Tarsus of Cilicia, on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. He was born both a Jew and a Roman citizen. He grew up in Tarsus and became a tentmaker like his father and grandfather before him. He was taught to be an orthodox Jew. He later journeyed to Jerusalem and attended the Pharisaic school. He did not become aRead MoreEssay on The Terrible Consequences of Teaching Hate1176 Words   |  5 Pages Did you know that every day at least eight black people, three white, three jews, and one latino become hate crime victims. Most of these crimes are committed by people between the ages of 15-24 years old. There is a â€Å" time to love and a time to hate† like it says in the book of Ecclesiastes in the Bible. We do have a time to hate to a circumstance, just not as much as we do now today. We need more love in the world to rule out all the hate we have. Is hate justRead MoreDeath Penalty Is Cruel And Cruel Punishment2004 Words   |  9 Pagesbelieve that the punishment challenges our declaration of independence, some believe it s barbaric and others just simply think it s cruel when an innocent person is convicted. There are also few arguments for death penalty and how the people that do the uncanny should be sentenced to death. Therefore we must put an end to it all and life imprisonment must be preferred to Death penalty. In the United States of America, Citizens are protected by the natural rights that are absolute and cannotRead MoreEssay on The Rhetoric of Terror3036 Words   |  13 PagesThe Rhetoric of Terror From the writer: In the wake of September 11, the United States retreated into intense patriotism. However, love for this country is something more than hanging an American flag outside your home. True love of America is something more; it is civic virtue, practicing good citizenship. Vote on Election Day, read the newspaper and write letters to members of Congress. Failing to take advantage of freedom and democracy may lead to the rise of evil. From the teacher, VivianRead MoreReligion And Its Role Within Societies 600 B.c11006 Words   |  45 PagesReligion and its role in societies 600 B.C.E. - 600 C.E. Codifications and further developments of existing religious traditions provided a bond among the people and an ethical code to live by. Religion has been a dominant cultural, ethical, and political force throughout human history, both recent and ancient. Religion has been science and asylum for many generations of very many people, uniting them in their common faith. Temples were built for people to pray and perform sacrifice in, givingRead MoreEssay on Palestine by Joe Sacco; a Book Review1971 Words   |  8 Pagesrestricted from medical attention that he needed. Continually he went to court, and the case was adjourned to later dates to try to confiscate some kind of evidence against him. There was no justice for Ghassan until after several days (approximately 14); he was released for lack of evidence. Ghassan suffers from violence (which is unjust), from brutality (one of the inspectors trying to induce a heart attack), and torture. Ghassans ordeal is illustrated in both written and pictorial form. LikewiseRead More Palestine By Joe Sacco; A Book Review Essay1946 Words   |  8 Pagesrestricted from medical attention that he needed. Continually he went to court, and the case was adjourned to later dates to try to confiscate some kind of evidence against him. There was no justice for Ghassan until after several days (approximately 14); he was released for lack of evidence. Ghassan suffers from violence (which is unjust), from brutality (one of the inspectors trying to induce a heart attack), and torture. Ghassan’s ordeal is illustrated in both written and pictorial form. LikewiseRead MoreOne Of The Most Controversial Topics That Question What1845 Words   |  8 Pagesgood and thanatos for death (OCRT 1). Many people in this country are existing in a living death, suffering on a day to day basis.  The Declaration of Independence ensures three basic human rights to all Americans: Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.  Having to live and suffer through terrible pain whether it be physical, emotional or psychological goes against the those three rights in different ways.à ‚  Having a terminal illness is not only detrimental to the patient, but also their familiesRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is The Punishment Of A Capital Crime2275 Words   |  10 Pagesleadership of Henry the eighth when it was reintroduced through boiling, hanging, or beheading for offenses such as marrying a Jew or treason (Hood, Roger, and Surya). The crimes for the death penalty, however, increased in Britain over the years with many juries avoiding to convict defendants if the offenses were not that serious. This however led to reforms and the system abolished it for over 100 crimes punishable by death in Britain. These reforms influenced the United States of America than any

Violence in media Free Essays

Poor relationships), education (Insignificant schooling), socioeconomic status and community (egg. Neighborhood violence) M; West, M; Marrow, D; Hamburger, M; Boxer, P, 2008, p. 929). We will write a custom essay sample on Violence in media or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although exposure to media violence is not the primary motive for aggressive behavior, it is however, the single most curable contributing reason. Violence is noticeably becoming a key factor within today’s society; medias interpretation and representation of violence on all forms of interaction must play a role on our behavior to date. Theorists have established from recent research that violent media for instance, video games and movies, â€Å"temporarily Increase aggressive thoughts. Aggressive affect and physiological arousal† (Carnage, Anderson, Bartholomew, 2007, p. 179), thus creating violent behaviors. In addition, Anderson cited that, â€Å"the industry markets violent video games to underage kids† (Anderson, 2004, p. 1 1 which evokes violent thoughts, imitation and aggressive actions. Through this proposed study a major issue raised within the area of media violence would be addressed. This Issue that needs to be noninsured Is the long-term effects that may occur to the youth. In this context, â€Å"physiological desensitizing displays reduced or no emotional feelings or empathy for others, due to media influencing thoughts, feelings and motives; primarily this has become a concern as media increased the likelihood of violent behavior† (Houseman, L Taylor, L, 2006; Carnage, N, Anderson, C Bartholomew, B, 2007). The aim of this study is to investigate the potential gaps to help understand the relationship between violence in the media, and aggressive behavior between he youth of today. Firstly, notwithstanding the substantial Information already gathered on the short-term effects of media violence, little study has been able to link media and young adults to seriously violent behavioral tendencies (Hobart, M; West, M; Marrow, D; Hamburger, M; Boxer, P, 2008, p. 930). Secondly, the studies undertaken to date on the effects of media violence influencing hostile behavior, seem to be more noticeable for the earlier years with once again only touching the boundaries In regards to adolescents. This study will analyses behavior and affects as not been fully investigated recorded in the past due to concentration of research on media violence on adolescents. I wish to undertake this research to see if a link can be established between media violence and the seemingly known aggression for this age group. If proven this would assist our legislators draft comprehensive legislation, based on sound research, to address issues provide protection for our youth going forward. Analyses of this study will focus particularly on the pervasiveness and the characteristics of young adults exposed to violence through movies and video games. Aims and Objectives The specific aim of this study is to critically assess the association between violence in the media and the expression of seriously violent behavior among the youth, ages 18-24, in a quota sample. The objectives of this project are to: 1 . Critically examine existing knowledge and gaps on this particular topic. 2. Classify and examine the different effects for different media. 3. Develop further theory to examine if media violence is considered a problem. 4. Evaluate people’s perceptions of the impact media violence has on themselves and other young individual’s in the youth. . Make recommendations to address issues and provide protection for the youth going forward. Literature review A significant and growing body of researchers state that the â€Å"youth exposure to media violence leads to increased aggressiveness† (Slater. M, Henry, K, Swami, R Anderson, L, 2003, p. 713). This can be seen as a serious problem within the society; due to th e fact media violence primes the viewers for aggressive behavior by stimulating violent-related thoughts, evokes imitation and increases arousal (Meyer, 1010, P. 243). Nonetheless, many individuals believe that media violence will not affect hem negatively or directly. However, the outcomes for media violence present instant effects or long-term effects within individuals, especially throughout the numerous types of media. From a social-neuroscience viewpoint, video games are portrayed as a different type of media than television and movies, mainly because â€Å"video games are more interactive and immerse, engaging neural systems which activate and effect aggressive behaviors† (Carnage, Anderson, Bartholomew, 2007, p. 79); in this context, video games primarily engage the players, allowing these players o identify themselves as the attacker, to receive direct awards and promote In addition, physiological desensitizing needs to be considered for the youth as this theory leads to reduced or no emotions towards others as suggested by Carnage, Anderson Bartholomew, where they state Moline in movies and on television has changed many individua ls reactions so much that they laugh at human suffering, thus suggesting that this immediate effect is linked to an increase in aggression and reduced sympathy’ (2007, p 180). Therefore this may demonstrate Eng term and repeated exposure to violence in all aspects of the media can influence and increase aggression throughout their lifespan. Various studies previously undertaken regarding video game violence and its possible promotion of antisocial behavior, shows the individual identifying and role-playing the violent characters. This is evident in a study conducted by Douglas Gentile (2004) about young individuals who frequently played violent video games, and were more likely to have increased aggression and fights then those who participated in non-hostile media games. Similarly, Potter suggests that â€Å"when violence permeates the media year after year in all kinds of programming and when the message of that violence is antisocial, the mean of society is likely to move gradually in an antisocial direction† (Potter, 2003, p. 50), therefore, creating the key idea that individuals will try harder to gain social acceptance through aggressive actions due to the cause of violent media. SECTION B: Methodology and Research design Methodology The proposed research conducted would be best lead through an interpretative paradigm as the theoretical framework for this study. Interpretative seeks to comprehend and describe human social reality, an understanding that is diverse for every individual person (Walter, 2010). This research will endeavourer to understand the impact media violence has on the youth within society and how behavior can be influenced and imitated through observational viewing. To comprehend the aim of this study, a mixed methodology of quantitative and qualitative research will be used for the investigation. As part of the quantitative research, quota sampling will be utilized to segregate the population as the research focuses only on the youth populace, ages 18-24. Additionally, a convenience random sample survey on survey monkey will be utilized to gain the data of a small sample group consisting of 20 individuals. The questions asked will help gain personal perspectives of individuals and assist in understanding, if, why and how types of media cause aggression and behavioral changes in the youth. Furthermore, other factors such as socioeconomic status, environmental, and education aspects are considered within the sample survey as they can determine whether individual’s behaviors can be Just affected by these factors or also linked in with media violence. Research portrayed suggested that lower socioeconomic status societies on average watch more television, thus presents higher dosage of media violence (Cantor, J, 2000). This project will gather information from key individuals based on their own The qualitative approach will be applied to analyses numerous types of literature and data to support the research proposal. This project will conduct a detailed investigation into the study conducted by Anderson, C Dill, K (2000) on their examination of violent video games affecting aggressive behaviors in the laboratory and in life. Anderson, C Dill, K (2000) study the ways in which media shapes individual behaviors based on aggression-related variables and personal characteristics. The myriad types of literature will be thoroughly examined and compared with the quantitative study to finalist an outcome. Research design The research aims to understand whether young individuals within today’s society are influenced and dominated by the violence portrayed within the media, which can lead to changed behaviors. The first task is to select the participants for this convenient random sample survey. This research will target the youth populace; ages 18-24, with 20 participants both male and female conveniently selected to participate. All participant’s will remain anonymous and will take place through survey monkey in order for subjects to easily access the sample survey. The second task is to provide the link to the youth, ages 18-24, for the sample survey to be completed. The link will be conveniently published on the University of Western Sydney Backbone page to gain anonymous participants. The surveys will consist of liker- type and open-ended questions to make the survey in-depth, yet ass to complete. A third task to be undertaken whilst the surveys are being completed is to conduct the qualitative approach within this study. This methodology will be utilized to examine myriad types of literature to gather and compare data to gain an outcome. The data gathered will be analyses through statistical and text analysis of the methodology developed. Through survey monkey, the data is manually analyses from the participant surveys completed, in which, an excel sheet will be created and the results conveyed within the survey will be investigated further to help validate the proposal. Ethical procedures Ethical considerations are essential when undertaking research methodology. Issues such as confidentially, anonymity and the right to withdrawal from the study are significant principles that are put in place for this study, for the respect of the participants. Informed consent is the cornerstone for research and an important aspect provided to potential subjects. This study will provide the participants with an information sheet detailing all the information about the study being conducted in a clear and brief manner. Along with the information sheet, a consent form will be sent voluntarily and to be free from coercion. For ethical reasons, subjects will only be allowed to complete this study if they are 18 years of age; this will be clearly stated in the consent form to avoid any issues further down the track. The process of the consent form will also imply that subjects have to right to withdrawal from the study at any point. The right to confidentiality is essential in research (Polite Beck, 2010) but may be conflicting in this proposed study. This is due to the facts that the surveys will be asking for their own perspectives, opinions and experiences, which ay lead to break confidentiality. However, participant’s identities will remain protected from the public. Through the research methodology for this study, there is a myriad of benefits and risks that may be presented. With the online surveys being the primary form of data collection for this study, this has allowed for a cost-effective and efficient way of collecting information from a population. However, concerns arise with this form of surveying, as it is not secure in preventing under age individuals from completing it. In addition, a risk that may influence this study is the act that not all youths are the same and what may disturb one individual may have no effect on another. Likewise, development concerns, emotional maturity and relationships with others seem to be a much more significant role in determining if an individual is at risk for violent behavior (Media smart, 2012). How to cite Violence in media, Papers

Millenials free essay sample

Are we, the current generation, really as narcissistic as everyone says? There has been some speculation that anyone born after 1970 has become increasingly more narcissistic than ever before. This group of people has been put into the category of the Millennial Generation or the â€Å"Me Me Me Generation† (Generation Me). The term Generation Me was also given to the Millennial Generation because of their selfish, self-focused attitudes. The perceived rise in narcissism in the Millennial Generation is occurring, but it is not as widespread as Twenge and her colleagues say. The assumption is due to Millennials’ belief that they can control others’ thoughts of them, that they are customers and the world serves them, and their impulsive behaviors. Survey errors and inconsistent data weaken the argument’s severity. The idea of knowing and controlling what others think of us is becoming an ingrained concept in the minds of Generation Me. Many songs and product commercials have used this concept in an attempt to sell their products. The song â€Å"Don’t Cha† by the Pussy Cat Dolls is a famous song used in many commercials saying that you want to buy their product. As if they could control someone’s thoughts, the song’s lyrics basically say that they know what you want. Many Millennials have the confidence or false confidence that they know exactly what others think of them, and they love to hear it. However, they often get offended if what others think is not something good. This proves they do not control every aspect of what people think. Millennials love getting a lot of feedback for the things they do, but they only like it if it is positive feedback. When Millennials do not like what they hear, the thought process of â€Å"I don’t care what others think of me† comes into play. This thought is used to say that what they do is still important no matter what others think. Most people say this when the positive feedback they expect to receive is delayed because the results of what they have done are not immediate. The confidence that they know that people will come to respect their actions is the reason why they continue to do it. Up-and-coming trends are one example of this idea. When the trend starts, it is not always widely accepted. People cling to the idea of â€Å"I don’t care what others think† until the trend catches on. People believe that others will want to be like them and want to join and continue the trend. This goes so far as saying that: I will know what others think of me, I am important, and I will be important. Social networking sites have also encouraged the thought that you are important and others care what you think. The designs of many social networking sites seen today are to display anything and everything people think or do. Instagram is dedicated to sharing the images you want people to see of you. Twitter can document your every thought, even if it is not a brilliant one. Facebook has both of these designs and more that promote the sharing of the self with the world. Locations, thoughts, images, and the people you are with can be shared within seconds with others. That is assuming that other people even care about any of this. Social networking sites now glorify the self maybe in ways not intended. Since social networking sites let people choose what they want others to see, they can choose to only show the good characteristics of themselves. The fact that people focused on what others think of them, coincidentally caused them to only focus on themselves and how they will be perceived. Gen Me-ers are conflicted and show narcissistic behavior because they are self-conscious about what others think. Millennials have come to believe they are customers and the world is there to serve them. The growth of the service industries in this country have decreased the times and places that the attitudes associated with them are not used. Growing up in this environment has led Millennials to believe that the attitudes used toward service industries apply to all the situations they encounter. Education is one aspect where students believe teachers should serve to their different educational needs. Educators are usually viewed as authority figures, and students listen to what they tell them to do. Today the fact that educators are being paid by the students means that they will cater to their will. Entitlement is also associated with narcissism, and it is a strong characteristic of Millennials. Things that were once privileges are seen as rights by Generation Me. One example of this would be in the classroom. Students expect certain grades even if they do not deserve them.. Students today believe grades are participation grades rather than knowledge assessments. They also expect the same grades for less effort. They want to â€Å"waste† less time doing their work and more time doing â€Å"fun† things. The students don’t want to be treated any different from the number one in the class even if they do not have the same academic qualities. These expectations cause them not to excel academically. Their narcissistic behaviors distract them from actually paying attention and learning. Professions are subjected to this entitlement attitude as well. Workers expect to have so much time off to do recreational things in their life. Some professions cannot be left at the workplace. Often these jobs require work to be continued at home or outside the workplace. This â€Å"extra† work cuts into employees’ time for themselves, so often people do not choose these jobs. Millennials today have very impulsive behaviors and only think to serve themselves. Their upbringing can cause them to develop this impulsive behavior. Learning to do whatever they want growing up means they never learn to reach for things that take time to develop. The youth today tends to only think about the short-term gains, and they rarely think or strive for things that would benefit them in the long-run. Along with only worrying about short-term benefits, they tend to only strive for goals that are beneficial to them. They are willing to help another person, but only if they get something out of it. If there is nothing to be gained from helping another, most likely Millennials will not think twice about even helping. This self-centered behavior can be seen in worse fashions as well. Another’s losses can become expenses to a Millennials gain. Not only will a Millennial not help if there is no self-benefit, but they will put someone down to reach what they want. This impulsive strive for self-pleasure has no bounds, and are not thoroughly thought through. There have been many proven flaws in the studies done by Twenge and her colleagues using meta-analysis to prove this rise in narcissism. For one, surveys used to collect this data were collected with a sampling error. Simply, the sample sizes were too small to represent the entire nation. There was also racial bias in the surveys. Whites made up an average of 70% of the people surveyed. This means this trend may not be present in all races. Also probability sample methods were not used when collecting this data. In scientific studies, if the results cannot be replicated then the results are not valid. Studies have shown this is a developmental phrase not a generational shift. Millennials are perceived as more narcissistic because the people making these assumptions are in fact less narcissistic than them. Generation Me is more narcissistic than previous ones, but it is not as widespread as Twenge makes it seem. The studies of college student still prove true, but only true for those areas of the Millennial population. Further studies should be done to prove if in fact that this trend is real. Without these studies, these assumptions can only be seen as theories rather than facts. Societal changes can be made to accommodate this new thought process if it can be proven.